Soil / Dirt & Types / Water
HIRE
Me, CONRAD!
'" BUY NOW "'
ECOSYSTEM SOIL ( preserving naturally-formed soils should be a priority / naturally-formed soils are a valuable resource )
SOIL - -------11 components----- ---:\
time -----------------: long periods/yearly/annual/seasonal/rainy season/10% to 90% of year/most of year/annually/daily/
drainage ------------: fair/poor/rapid/well drained only/fair if on porous limestone/well-drained/highly leached/tidal/slow/very well drained/extremely well drained/fast/better than poor/rapid rainfall runoff/inundated/slow flow/poor in low areas/quick/poor downstream/
moisture ------------: retentive/high/medium/low/dry/wide range/very dry/nearly saturated/nearly dry/saturated/fluctuates year to year/good retention/fair/seasonal/constant/high retention/holding/slow flow/wet/good/moist/low retention/very very moist/holds water till evaporated/sometimes dry/year round/
droughty ------------: minimal/no/yes/moderate/never/flood/drying/wet/dry/
salt ------------------: minimal/yes/no/moderate/some/high/none/very low/
amount -------------: very deep sand/1'-3'/3"-4"/deep sand/deep/3-6' deep/varies/3-9' deep/thin/little to thin/deeper/thin layer/small/shallow/varies/deep peat/thick/deep peat in center of domes/15' thick
PH -------------------: acidic/no alkaline soil/varies/neutral to alkaline/high/acidic to alkaline/acidic to neutral/slightly acidic to neutral/neutral to alkaline/high to low/alkaline to acidic/
fertility --------------: yes/good/low/wide range/poor/high/rich/infertile/medium/little/
nutrient supply -----: poor/high/low/rich/phosphorus hot spot/good/medium/
organic matter ----: good amount/medium/yes/low/surface liter/little/high/over sand/little to none/sparce/scattered/alluvium/
particles -------------: sandy loamy/sand/sandy/peat/shell fragments/humus/course sand/quartz/calcareous sands/silt/muck/mud/marl/sediments/shelly sand/clay/gravel/considerable amounts of clay/mixture/not heavy/quartz sand/marl pockets/silicious sand pockets/humus pockets/debris/scattered peats/scattered mucks/sand quartz/thin layer shelly sand/large amounts of peat over sediments or limestone/humus top layer/interbedded peat with marl in some places/sapric/mixtures/detrital/maris (limestone)/artificial shell midoens (contains the debris of human activity)/
The purpose of an ecosystem is to circulate nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus using biotic and abiotic components that provide a framework through which energy of solar origin is transferred.
Florida soils have been derived from marine-deposited, fine, sandy clays, overlying limestones at varying depths
Soil PH influences microbial exchange
Most of Floridas soils are acidic, not fertile and lack humus
Florida soils have sedimentary parent material and variable soil drainage
Alluvium - a deposit of clay silt, sand and gravel left by flowing streams in a river valley or delta / in many cases it aids soil fertility
In Florida two soil temperature zone characterize the soils : Thermic and Hyperthermic
Thermic includes soils with a mean annual temperature between 59 degees F and 72 degrees F at 20 inches below suface
Hyperthermic includes soils with a mean annual temperature greater than 72 degrees F at 20 inches below the suface
HUMUS : natural decay of materials such as leaves in the soils top layer
Floridas soils are usually either to wet or to dry
Trace elements are minerals*!
MUCK : similar origin to peat. Advanced organic decomposition of vegetative matter so far that the vegetative matter origin is unrecognizable
PEAT : a brown, soil like material consists of partly decomposed vegetative matter. Plant material is largely undecomposed and recognizable
urban soil lacks sufficient macropore or macropore spaces to allow air and water circulation that is critical for root growth / has less organic matter
soil fauna : animals that inhabit the soil / small arthropods / mites / collembola / symphyla + microfauna ( where not flooded ) / ants / beetles / spiders / termites / centipedes (important for biodiversity )
mesofauna : earthworms / myriopods / insect larvae / spring tails / other worms ( proturans - nematodes - pauropods /
macrofauna : mice moles etc
microfaunda : nematodes , anthropods , ciciates , protist kingdom ( protozoae ) tardigrades / rotipers / testate oeme
fauna : all the animal life of any particular region or time
microfauna interacts with the mycorrhiza / mycorrhiza has the carbon as currently / endomycorrhizae rungi : symbiotic to plants
sodic soil / characterized by a disproportionately high concentration of sodium ( Na ) in their cation exchange complex - contains greater than 15% exchangeable sodium / limits the ability of a plants roots to absorb water - saline soils have the same effect on plant roots that are not adapted. identified in clay , clay loams , silts , silt loams , etc , by crusting and dispersion. Replace exchangeable Na with CALCIUM and or MAGNESIUM . / excessive irrigation of site to cleanse it of exchangeable Na / contain large amounts of exchangeable sodium and low levels of soluable salts
trees are capable of replenishing soil organic matter themselves
Biome - large community of plants and animals that occupy a distinct region ( terrestial biome - typically defined by climate and dominant vegetation
a carbon sequestering ecosystem requires the formation of micorrhizal fungi
Four Soil Types of Florida
ULTISOL
at surface: colors gray, grayish yellow, reddish brown, brownih gray. Argillic horizon ( clay sized particles ) / Base saturation less than 35% / Most weathered / sub-surface clay horizon / generally low in fertility / subsoil colors : red , yellow , red + yellow / rolling topography / most subject to erosion / sandy clasys posses good natural fertility / general farming and some specialty crops / pasture grasses, corn, oats, wheat, soybeans, tobacco, pine trees, hardwoods ( oak, hickory ) / old soil / highly weathered / red clay soils / ultimate product of continuous weathering of materials in a humid temperate climate without soil formation via glaciation. Mineral soils / no calcareous material* / less than 10% weatherable minerals in extreme top layer of soil / calcium carbonate / low fertility / hardwoods and conifers / less than 35% base saturation throughout / found in Africa, Asia, South America |||||ADD Fertilizer and Lime to make PRODUCTIVE
SPODOSOL
mineral soils / spodic or placic horizon / fragipan subsurface of clay and organic matter / at surface : colors ashen - gray ( gray to black ) / minerals = aluminum and silica with some organic matter but little or no iron / spodic horizon is brown the ashen gray minerals of the upper soil. clay with smaller quantities of aluminum + carbon / placic horizon : color red to black ( accumulated material ) cemented together by iron / /FRAGIPAN : under either or both spodic or placic / aka hardpan , brittle pan, : A illuvial horizon / found in both cold and warm climates / dominate vegitation needle leaf evergreen conifers ( pine x bald cypress ) needle leaf, deciduous conifer in wet areas / ecosystem : flatwoods / parent materials, limestone to sand / clay / acidic / trace elements / no iron / hammocks ||||||| aluminum oxide + organic matter / low fertility / typical of coniferous forests when has pokzol / ashy gray - acidic / strongly leached surface layer / ORTH DS*
ENTISOL
mineral soils / lack definite soil horizons and profile / immaturity / horizon development incomplete / new beach sands / recently deposited alluvium / worlds universal soil / exist anywhere on earth / 25% of Florida soil / well drained sands / multiple feet deep / poorly and excessively drained / at surface : color varies per underlying material and region / dry / sandy / when used - entisols are used simply to hold a plant in place / used by farmers / agriculture / trace elements ||||||| show only A horizon profile , no diagnostic horizone / course textured / pine forest parent material / quartz sand / unconsolidated sediment or rock - aka - PSAMMENTS ( rangeland - pasture - wildlife habitat ) \ reflect soil-forming processes / weakly developed |||| Fertile ||| Most abundant
HISTOSOL
non mineral soil order / smallest amount worldwide of all 10 soil orders / peats / mucks / agricultural soil / at surface : color -> black / organic mater / 6.5% of Florida soil / 3/4's of the 6.5% is in everglades / largest place outside of everglades with histosols is near zellwood, adjacent to Lake Apopka just north of Orlando / 12 - 18% organic carbon by weight . +50% by volume / saturated by water in natural settings / develop in any climate regime / droughts dry them out ( compact and oxidize result ) / highly sandy / lack trace elements / need drained for agriculture use / important for agriculture / sedge / oxidization occurs when dried / oxidation ruins / destoys the soil / when it dries it is flammable / organic materials twice as thick as any mineral soil above bedrock |||||||||| Peaty soil / deep surface layer of purely organic matter / mostly organic matter, materials (16" or more in upper 31") / includes muck / mucky peat / peat / poorly drained acidic / holds water well / deficient in major plant nutrients that is washed away / *saprists . woodland - wet - mesic or warmer temperature regime
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Illuvium is material ( such as clay ) displaced across a soil profile, from one layer to another one by the action of rainwater - material leached from one soil horizon and depositied in another.
When decompossing vegetative matter hits air and dries out is oxidizes
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Florida Geological Formation(s)
Florida occupies the Floridan Plateau
Florida is made of sedimentary rocks ( mineral particles cemented)
Floridan aquifer is most extensive under Marion county
Underlying rock in Florida is igneous and metamorphic rock from the Jurassic era and older . ( limestone : bedrock) ( igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava )
The topography of Florida is strongly influenced by Four primary natural forces
1. surface erosion by running water
2. solution action by groundwater
3. the work of winds, waves, and ocean currents
4. sea level fluctuations
Florida beach sands are derived naturally from five major sources
1. sediments carried south by long shore currents
2. ocean current erosion of sea floor deposits
3. mechanical break-up of shells
4. erosion of offshore coral and algae reefs
5. Pleistocene sand deposits distributed by waves
Florida's coastline covers approximately 9,000 miles
The Floridan plateau is divided into 4 physiographic divisions
1. nothern highlands
2. central highlands [ entisols ]
3. Marianna lowlands
4. Coastal lowlands
The Ocala uplift, Chattahoochee anticline and Sanford High are responsible for exposure of Eocene limestones within the state and exert a significant influence on modern day karst and sinkhole topography
The highest point in Florida is said to be Iron Mountain in Polk County ( 325 feet above sea level )
Landscapes in areas where limestone solution is active are termed karst topography ( abundant sinkholes, cavern systems, underground diversion of surface streams, lapies or deeply grooved and fluted surface limestones, praries or flat - floored valleys resulting from large coalesced sinks )
Karst terrain is produced by chemical erosion of carbonate rocks ( limestone / dolomites )
The peninsular arch in the center of Florida is made from undeformed carbonate rocks and has the states highest elevations
Four major aquifers in Florida
On the Atlantic ocean side of Florida, beaches tend to be composed of quartz and have varying shell qualities
Florida landforms : major topographic features in Florida:
1. Apalachicola flats
2. St. Mark Flats
3. Suwanne Flats
4. Dry Sinks
5. Trail Ridge
6. Archer Ridge
7. Oklawaha Ridge
8. Apopka Ridge
9. Deland Rise
10. Raised Beaches
11. Citrus Ridge
12. Brooksville Ridge
13. Istokpoca Ridge
14. Parallel swales
15. Potash Hills
16. Manatee Upland
17. St Johns Marsh
18. St. Lucie Marsh
19. Big Cypress Swamp
20. Immokalee Island
21. The Everglades
22. The Sloughs
23. Miami Ridge
24. Lakes, Rivers
25. Islands
Four major Aquifers in Florida
1. Floridan
2. Biscayne
3. Sand and Gravel
4. Shallow aquifers
Carbonate rock in Florida is limestone with dolomite
Areas with Dolomite were originally deposited as calcium carbonate muds altered by magnesium rich water to form dolomite
Where Dolomitic limestone is found the topography is ancient
Dolomite neutralizes acid stream restoration / soil conditioner
Dolomite is a rock forming mineral CaMg(Co3)2
Dolomite limestone is found in Florida where karst topography exists.
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Climatological Information by Region
Florida has a humid, sub-tropical climate
Florida has convective rains ( IE Thunderstorms )
Radical swings in temperatures and humidity.
Florida weather oscillates between maritime tropical and continental winter weather
The Latitudes of Florida are 24 - 31
Florida has cool dry seasons and warm rainy seasons
In Florida, climatic differences occur over short distances
Florida has a finely structures mosaic of micro-climates due to variations in topography and daily weather
In South Florida the dry season is dryer and the wet season is wetter
North Florida has a Temperate Climate
South Florida has a Tropical Climate
Key West is the driest place in Florida and has no freezes
Temperature trends are linked to latitude and water bodies
Panhandle rainfall pattern is fairly even year - round
Panhandle receives heavy rainfall and most hurricanes
West palm to Miami receives heavy rainfall
West coast receives the most thunderstorms
North Florida rainfall is the most acidic ( PH 4.7 in N FL / PH 5.3 in S FL )
South Florida has the greatest rainfall and seasonal variations
South Florida has nearly daily rainfall from June to September
Sough Florida is dry from December to April
Florida Hurricanes and Tropical storm months (June to November) August, September and October are the most active months
Evaporation occurs the most on the West Coast
Evaporation occurs more in the South than North
Severe Thunderstorms are typically caused by the convergence of air masses with sea breezes
Florida receives the equivalent of 150 billion gallons of rainfall daily. 2/3 rds of rain water lost to evaporation.
Factors that contribute to the climate that characterizes Florida
1. locations , size, shape
2. topography
3. planetary winds and pressure systems
4. warm gulf stream
Temperature contrasts are greater in the winter than summer
Winds:
1. NE Trade Winds
2. Prevailing winds from east (Atlantic )
3. Prevailing Westerlies winds
4. Northern pattern winds in Winter
5 Southerly summer winds
Seasons determine which wind belt zone is nearest for and will influence the climate m conjunction with the location of the upper level jet streams and the climatic conditions to the north and west of the peninsula
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Ecological Systems
Ecological systems are the functional processes, ecological mechanism, climate, disturbance & management of ecosystems.
Ecology : Idea that physiological ( how living things work ) processes are fundamental to ecological structures and functions
An individual ecosystem is composed of populations of organisms interacting with communities & contributing to the cycling of nutrients and the flow of energy
urban areas are nutrient deficient
urban areas are high energy
Biological mechanisms of ecosystems
1. population
2. community
3. physiological ecology
4. processes they maintain
5. cycling of energy and matter
Ecological systems
1. climate
2. plants
3. soils
4. water
5. geography
Mangrove is an ecological term
( Mangrove does not imply a taxonomic relationship between the four species )
Ecotones : regions where one ecosystem blends into another
Pine Flatwoods Ecosystem is the most common plant community in Florida
Urban Ecology : Little is known about the attributes and variation of urban biogeochemical processes ( particularly the storage of carbon, the fluxes carbon storage and fluxes of nitrogen
Nitrogen is critical for chlorophyll & plant proteins
nitrogen major component of amino acids
urban vegetation provides various ecosystem services and is the green infrastructure of urban ecosystem environments
SOILS produce 'urban ecosystem services' water infiltration / purification
soils are the 'brown infrastructure' of urban ecosystems
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Natural Destructive Forces in Florida
Freezes : On Plants ( exotic tropical , citrus , blue berries , etc. ).
Drought : crop damage
Lightening: Deaths
Forest Fires
Hail
Tornadoes ( short lived ) - not that intense . most common ( may - august )
Water spouts : ( Tampa bay has the most ) Most common ( May - October)
Tropical Storms
Hurricanes : Storm surge, violent winds, torrential rain, tornadoes, residual or delayed problems
Thunderstorms
Coastal Flooding
Inland Flooding
Climate Change
Wind
Soil Erosion ( runoff , wind , waves )
Techniques Used to Minimize the Effects of Natural Destructive Forces (implementing good design)
Freezes : On Plants ( irrigation techniques to minimize damage )
Drought : ( storage of water )
Choosing the right plant for the right place
Lightening : ( reduce tall metal objects)
Fires : ( controlled burns | use proper planting design around structures
Hail : ( provide overhead protection )
Use narrow street widths to reduce heat
Tornadoes : ( use of large / heavy building components )
Tropical Storms : ( break-away construction - small objects - protection by way of dunes and mangroves ) no construction in front of the dunes
Thunderstorms : ( design for storm run - off )
Coastal Flooding : ( no construction in flood zones - elevated design of structures break - away walls - partition independent of supporting structural members ( aka frangible walls )
Wind : ( design to handle wind loads ) ( tree stabilization )
Storm surge : ( protection of dunes and mangroves ) ( heavy duty construction ) ( break-away structures that wont product missiles )
Violent winds : design for wind speeds
Torrential Winds; design for wind speeds
Using Florida fancy plants ( the better the plant grade, the better the growth and longevity of the mature plant )
Flood : only certain uses allowed in flood zones
Erosion : ( armoring : a man - made structure designed to prevent erosion of upland property or protect upland structures from the effects of coastal wave and / or current action. Geotextile bags or tubes, seawalls, revetments, bulkheads, retaining walls or similar structures.)
Coastal planting : ( Plant to reduce blowing debris, plant for salinity tolerance and for soil stabilization )
Use shrubs to : decrease heat , direct winds, increase humidity and oxygen
Lakes : Increase cooling effect from extreme heat
Passive Design : Mitigates solar radiation
Reduce channeling of winds in high erosion areas
Reduce surface run-off
Use less pavement to reduce heat, ensure ventilation and air movement
Trees: Decrease heat , reduce and/or direct winds , increase humidity and oxygen
Diversity dun plantings to increase dune stability
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Florida Coastal Zones
Hostile environment to plants and animals.
Severe weather on coasts
High summer temperatures
800 miles of sandy beaches
Drought conditions
low nutrient levels
unstable sands
salt water intrusion
4 coastal zones
1. beaches / dunes
2. coastal strand
3. maritime forests
4. barrier islands
Wetlands commuities
1. sea grass beds ( estuarine systems)(like lillies)
2. salt marshes (grasses and grass like species)
3 Mangrove forests
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High energy
Moderate energy
Low energy
depends upon wave and wind forces acting on shoreline
75% of Florida population lives along the coast
Atlantic coast of north and south Florida are high energy
Panhandle Gulf Coast is moderately high energy
Inhospitable conditions ( variable tides , high salinity , oxygen poor sediments , wave damage , current damage )
Dunes : Nutrient and organic poor ( panhandle - sugar sands )
Pioneer dune areas ( low herbs )
Mangroves are cold sensitive ( they grow in saline , tidally influenced shores of the tropic and sub-tropics)
Foredunes : (low and tuff rhizomatous plants )
CCCL : coastal construction control line : affects 24 counties *if a project has a CCCL line then 'building' is limited - not a problem in fact it makes my life easier - alligator alcatraz thrives on this line " BUY NOW "
Dune fields : older series of dunes - more stable , higher organic content
Older Dunes when colonized by trees & shrubs form Maritime Forest
Hummocks may form on deeper organic soils (often contain tropical species)
Florida coastal classes are the primary contributor to the economy of Florida
Salt Flats : aka ->salterns , salt barrens , salinas . high salinity sustraights , devoid of vegetation except for patches of low-growing forbs, grasses a, stunted mangroves.
oligohaline marshes ( fresh water input ) ( year round habitat ) / brackish water species ( salt grass and cat tails )
Human activities interfere with the natural cycles of erosion and accretion
over 200 miles of beaches are in a critical state of erosion
jurisdictional coastal classes are determined by hydric soils , water table , wetland plants. a number of agencies are / can be involved
coastal class plants provide shelter animals , contribute nutritional energy sources , enhance marine producttivity , protect uplands from wave damage / improve and maintain water quality , provide complex aesthetic benifits
Four recognized Mangroves
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WATER
FLORIDA WATER SOURCES
Florida has more groundwater than any other state
North Florida gets ground water from Georgia and Alabama
Rainfall is ultimate source of water for Florida
Surface waters
Ground waters
Brackish ground waters
Desalinated seawater plants
Stormwater
Reclaimed water
Aquifers ( artesian )
Surficial Aquifer ( aquifers on top of aquifers )
Well ( rural and agricultural )
Streams
Lakes
Springs
CLASSIFICATION of WATER
. Class I - cleanest ------ surface potable
. Class II ------------------ recreation / shellfish production
. Class III ----------------- recreation / fish & wildlife production & management
. Class IV ----------------- agricultural water supply
. Class V ------------------ navigational , utility , industrial
FLORIDA WATER TYPES
Treated potable groundwater
Surface and Ground waters
Freshwater
Stormwater
Reclaimed water
Desalinated seawater / r.o.
Saltwater
Brackish Water
Waste Water
Public Supplies
Runoff Water
FLORIDA WATER USE
Florida has a water budget which is how much water Florida has for use
Irrigation is a consumptive use
Consumptive use occurs when water withdrawn is evaporated or transpired into the air as water vapor is incorporated in a agricultural or manufactured product and is not returned to the surface or ground from which it was withdrawn ( i. e : can not be reused )
Used for rural domestic and livestock
Rural water use : livestock and household - direct human needs - well water
Public supply is the largest demand on water
Important to know when and how water is used
Water is used for thermoelectric power
Water is used for self supplied industrial
Non-withdrawal use of surface and ground waters to dilute and disperse wastes.
Every withdrawal use of water creates its own type of waste water
Industrial
mining
quarrying
manufacturing: processing of food products
Reasonable - beneficial use
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hydrology - ------ ---:\
rapid percolation / highly permeable / well-drained
low water retention / storm-water retention / water recharge area / rainfall accumulation / flood storage / water storage / standing water water retention areas /
storm surge submerges plants / fluctuating height / fluctuating water levels
brackish tidal flows / down stream / water flows slowly through in riverine fashion / water cycle determined by daily and seasonal tides
dry season / not wet / xeric / moderate drought
no flooding / less flooding / flooding during rainy season / subject to flooding / seldom flooded / temporary flooding / rarely flooded / occasional flooding / little flooding / flooded most of the year / flooding / minor flooding / annual flooding / seasonal flooding / drains and floods / no flooding
damp to wet / dry to wet / wet season / saturated / dry to inundated for long periods of time / swamp-like
covered with water two or more months per year / inundated 10% to 90% of the year
receives water by seepage
good supply
shallows
saline / saltwater / fresh water
poorly drained
moisture from wetland on borders / in wetlands
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SOIL - ------------ ---:\
time -----------------: long periods/yearly/annual/seasonal/rainy season/10% to 90% of year/most of year/annually/daily/
drainage ------------: fair/poor/rapid/well drained only/fair if on porous limestone/well-drained/highly leached/tidal/slow/very well drained/extremely well drained/fast/better than poor/rapid rainfall runoff/inundated/slow flow/poor in low areas/quick/poor downstream/
moisture ------------: retentive/high/medium/low/dry/wide range/very dry/nearly saturated/nearly dry/saturated/fluctuates year to year/good retention/fair/seasonal/constant/high retention/holding/slow flow/wet/good/moist/low retention/very very moist/holds water till evaporated/sometimes dry/year round/
droughty ------------: minimal/no/yes/moderate/never/flood/drying/wet/dry/
salt ------------------: minimal/yes/no/moderate/some/high/none/very low/
amount -------------: very deep sand/1'-3'/3"-4"/deep sand/deep/3-6' deep/varies/3-9' deep/thin/little to thin/deeper/thin layer/small/shallow/varies/deep peat/thick/deep peat in center of domes/15' thick
PH -------------------: acidic/no alkaline soil/varies/neutral to alkaline/high/acidic to alkaline/acidic to neutral/slightly acidic to neutral/neutral to alkaline/high to low/alkaline to acidic/
fertility --------------: yes/good/low/wide range/poor/high/rich/infertile/medium/little/
nutrient supply -----: poor/high/low/rich/phosphorus hot spot/good/medium/
organic matter ----: good amount/medium/yes/low/surface liter/little/high/over sand/little to none/sparce/scattered/alluvium/
particles -------------: sandy loamy/sand/sandy/peat/shell fragments/humus/course sand/quartz/calcareous sands/silt/muck/mud/marl/sediments/shelly sand/clay/gravel/considerable amounts of clay/mixture/not heavy/quartz sand/marl pockets/silicious sand pockets/humus pockets/debris/scattered peats/scattered mucks/sand quartz/thin layer shelly sand/large amounts of peat over sediments or limestone/humus top layer/interbedded peat with marl in some places/sapric/mixtures/detrital/maris (limestone)/artificial shell midoens (contains the debris of human activity)/
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